Exodus Divine Names - Complete Verse-by-Verse Analysis
Overview
This comprehensive table documents every occurrence of divine names in Exodus, revealing the theological crisis at the heart of the Documentary Hypothesis. Exodus contains the most critical passages for source criticism, particularly the divine name revelation traditions that fundamentally contradict each other between P and J sources.
Source Key
- P = Priestly Source (systematic revelation theology)
- J = Yahwist Source (anthropomorphic, continuous YHWH usage)
- E = Elohist Source (transcendent, mediated revelation)
- D = Deuteronomist Source (covenant law emphasis)
- R = Redactorial material
- Comp = Composite passage (multiple sources)
Divine Name Abbreviations
- Elohim = אלהים (θεός) - God/gods
- YHWH = יהוה (κύριος) - Tetragrammaton, LORD
- YHWH Elohim = יהוה אלהים (κύριος ὁ θεός) - LORD God
- El = אל (θεός) - God, deity
- El Shaddai = אל שדי (θεὸς σου) - God Almighty
- Adonai = אדני (κύριος) - Lord, Master
- Ehyeh = אהיה (ἐγώ εἰμι) - I AM/I will be
Critical Passages
2-3 - The Name Revelation Crisis
P Source: “God said to Moses, ‘I am YHWH. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but by my name YHWH I did not make myself known to them.‘”
Critical Problem: This directly contradicts J Source passages in Genesis where patriarchs use YHWH freely (e.g., Gen 4:26, Gen 12:8, Gen 22:14).
13-15 - The Ehyeh Revelation (E Source)
Divine Self-Identification: “God said to Moses, ‘Ehyeh asher Ehyeh’ (I AM WHO I AM). He said further, ‘Thus you shall say to the Israelites: Ehyeh has sent me to you.‘”
EXODUS COMPLETE ANALYSIS
Exodus Chapter 1
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 1 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | Hebrew midwives “feared God”; E’s “fear of God” motif | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 342; Friedman 2019: 210-215 |
| Exo 1 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”God dealt well with midwives”; E’s moral theology | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 48; Stackert 2014: 145-150 |
| Exo 1 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | Divine reward for fear of God; E’s ethical emphasis | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 256; Carr 2011: 280-285 |
Exodus Chapter 2
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 2 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”Their cry rose up to God”; E’s distant but responsive deity | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 343; Baden 2012: 225-228 |
| Exo 2 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | P | ”God heard their groaning…remembered covenant”; P’s covenant theology | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 215-218 |
| Exo 2 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | P | ”God looked upon Israelites and God took notice”; P’s systematic observation | SP: identical | Schwartz 2019: 165-170 |
Exodus Chapter 3
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | τοῦ θεοῦ | E | ”Mountain of God”; E’s sacred geography | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 150-155 |
| Exo 3 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | YHWH called from bush | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 344; Baden 2012: 228-230 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | God response pattern | SP: identical | Composite verse; Friedman 2019: 218-220 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”I am the God of your father”; E’s ancestral identification | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 49; Baden 2012: 228-230 |
| Exo 3 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD said, ‘I have observed’”; J’s personal divine involvement | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 218-220 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh”; E’s dialogue | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 258; Stackert 2014: 155-160 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”God said, ‘I will be with you’”; E’s promise pattern | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 345; Carr 2011: 285-290 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”Moses said to God, ‘If I come’”; direct address | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 220-225 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”God said to Moses, ‘Ehyeh asher Ehyeh’”; E’s name revelation | LXX: ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν | Wellhausen 1878: 346; Friedman 2019: 220-225 |
| Exo 3 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”LORD, God of your ancestors”; E’s YHWH adoption | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 230-235 |
| Exo 3 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”God of your ancestors” | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 230-235 |
| Exo 3 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”LORD, God of your ancestors appeared”; E’s theophany report | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 50; Stackert 2014: 160-165 |
| Exo 3 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”LORD, God of Hebrews has met”; diplomatic formula | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 260; Carr 2011: 290-295 |
Exodus Chapter 4
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”They will not believe that LORD appeared”; doubt theme | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 225-230 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”That they may believe LORD appeared”; credibility signs | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 235-240 |
| Exo 4 | Adonai | אדני | κύριε | E | ”Moses said to the LORD”; respectful address | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 347; Stackert 2014: 165-170 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”LORD said to him”; divine response to objection | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 290-295 |
| Exo 4 | Adonai | אדני | κύριε | E | ”Moses said, ‘O my LORD’”; final reluctance | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 51; Baden 2012: 235-240 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Anger of LORD was kindled”; divine emotion | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 230-235 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD said to Moses in Midian”; J’s return command | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 348; Baden 2012: 240-245 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD said to Moses”; hardening theme begins | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 262; Stackert 2014: 170-175 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”You shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says LORD’”; messenger formula | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 235-240 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I said to you, ‘Let my people serve LORD’”; worship demand | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 240-245 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD met him and tried to kill him”; mysterious attack | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 349; Carr 2011: 295-300 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”LORD said to Aaron”; parallel mission | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 52; Friedman 2019: 235-240 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”All words of LORD with which he sent”; message delivery | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 245-250 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Aaron spoke all words that LORD had spoken”; prophetic speech | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 175-180 |
| Exo 4 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”People believed that LORD had given heed”; faith response | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 300-305 |
Exodus Chapter 5
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Thus says LORD, God of Israel”; covenant title | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 350; Friedman 2019: 240-245 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Pharaoh said, ‘Who is LORD?’”; defiant rejection | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 264; Baden 2012: 250-255 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”God of Hebrews has met us”; diplomatic persistence | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 175-180 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Let us go and sacrifice to LORD”; worship request | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 300-305 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”They met Moses and Aaron from LORD”; divine encounter | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 240-245 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD look upon you and judge”; appeal for justice | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 250-255 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses returned to LORD”; complaint prayer | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 351; Stackert 2014: 180-185 |
| Exo 5 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Ever since I came to Pharaoh in your name”; mission failure | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 305-310 |
Exodus Chapter 6 - CRITICAL CHAPTER
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”LORD said to Moses”; reassurance begins | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 53; Friedman 2019: 245-250 |
| Exo 6 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | P | ”God spoke to Moses”; CRITICAL P PASSAGE | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 352; Friedman 2019: 245-250 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Said to him, ‘I am YHWH’”; divine self-identification | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 255-260 |
| Exo 6 | El Shaddai | אל שדי | ὁ θεός σου | P | ”I appeared as El Shaddai”; patriarchal name | LXX: “your God” | Wellhausen 1878: 353; Kuenen 1886: 266 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”But by my name YHWH I did not make myself known”; CONTRADICTS J | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 245-250; Baden 2012: 255-260 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”I also established my covenant”; P’s covenant emphasis | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 185-190 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Say to Israelites: ‘I am YHWH’”; proclamation formula | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 310-315 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”You shall know I am YHWH”; recognition formula | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 354; Friedman 2019: 250-255 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”I am YHWH”; concluding self-identification | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 260-265 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”They would not listen to Moses to YHWH”; reception failure | SP: identical | Schwartz 2019: 170-175 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH spoke to Moses”; mission continuation | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 190-195 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Go and tell Pharaoh let Israelites go”; diplomatic command | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 315-320 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Moses spoke in presence of YHWH”; divine address | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 255-260 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH spoke to Moses and Aaron”; joint commission | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 265-270 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”According to word of YHWH”; obedience formula | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 355 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Who spoke to Pharaoh to bring out”; P’s editorial comment | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 195-200 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”When YHWH spoke to Moses”; temporal marker | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 320-325 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; speech resumption | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 260-265 |
| Exo 6 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Moses said in presence of YHWH”; objection renewal | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 270-275 |
Exodus Chapter 7
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; prophet installation | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 54; Stackert 2014: 200-205 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Egyptians shall know that I am YHWH”; recognition theme | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 356; Carr 2011: 325-330 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Moses and Aaron did as YHWH commanded”; obedience report | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 265-270 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses and Aaron”; joint instruction | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 275-280 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Aaron shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says YHWH’”; messenger formula | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 205-210 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Moses and Aaron went as YHWH commanded”; exact obedience | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 330-335 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had said”; predictive fulfillment | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 270-275 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; J’s plague narrative begins | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 357; Baden 2012: 280-285 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH, Elohim of Hebrews sent me”; diplomatic formula | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 268; Stackert 2014: 210-215 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Thus says YHWH: ‘By this you shall know’”; recognition formula | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 335-340 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”As YHWH commanded”; J’s obedience formula | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 275-280 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had said”; P’s predictive pattern | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 285-290 |
| Exo 7 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Seven days after YHWH had struck”; temporal marker | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 215-220 |
Exodus Chapter 8
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; second plague begins | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 358; Carr 2011: 340-345 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses said to Pharaoh pray to YHWH”; intercession offer | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 280-285 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Pray to YHWH to take away frogs”; divine dependence | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 290-295 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses said when shall I pray for you to YHWH”; intercession timing | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 220-225 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”That you may know there is no one like YHWH”; uniqueness claim | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 345-350 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses cried out to YHWH”; intercessory prayer | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 55; Friedman 2019: 285-290 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH did as Moses asked”; prayer answered | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 295-300 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had said”; P’s hardening pattern | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 359; Stackert 2014: 225-230 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; P’s gnat plague | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 350-355 |
| Exo 8 | Elohim | אלהים | θεοῦ | P | ”This is finger of Elohim”; magicians’ recognition | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 270; Friedman 2019: 290-295 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had said”; hardening formula | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 300-305 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; J’s fly plague | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 230-235 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Know that I am YHWH in midst of earth”; presence claim | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 360; Carr 2011: 355-360 |
| Exo 8 | Elohim | אלהים | τῷ θεῷ | J | ”Go, sacrifice to your Elohim”; Pharaoh’s compromise | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 295-300 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Sacrifice to YHWH our Elohim”; worship insistence | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 305-310 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Sacrifice to YHWH our Elohim”; repetitive emphasis | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 235-240 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Pray for me to YHWH”; intercession request | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 360-365 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I will pray to YHWH”; intercession promise | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 56; Friedman 2019: 300-305 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses went out prayed to YHWH”; actual intercession | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 310-315 |
| Exo 8 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH did as Moses asked”; prayer effectiveness | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 361; Stackert 2014: 240-245 |
Exodus Chapters 9-10 (Plagues Continue)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; livestock plague begins | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 365-370 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Hand of YHWH will strike”; divine agency | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 305-310 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH will make distinction”; selective judgment | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 315-320 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH set time”; divine timing | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 245-250 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH did this thing”; fulfillment report | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 272; Carr 2011: 370-375 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”As YHWH had said”; hardening continuation | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 310-315 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses and Aaron”; P’s boil plague | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 362; Baden 2012: 320-325 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH commanded Moses”; exact obedience | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 250-255 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH hardened heart of Pharaoh”; divine hardening | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 375-380 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH said to Moses”; E’s hail plague | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 325-330 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Know that there is no one like me in all earth”; uniqueness assertion | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 57; Stackert 2014: 255-260 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Whoever feared word of YHWH”; fear response | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 330-335 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Pharaoh sent YHWH is righteous”; righteousness acknowledgment | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 335-340 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”That you may know earth is YHWH’s”; sovereignty claim | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 330-335 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”You do not yet fear YHWH Elohim”; incomplete submission | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 340-345 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Moses went out spread hands to YHWH”; intercession enacted | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 270-275 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”When Pharaoh saw rain and hail stopped”; conditional repentance | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 58; Carr 2011: 395-400 |
| Exo 9 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”As YHWH had spoken through Moses”; prophetic accuracy | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 335-340 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; locust plague begins | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 365; Baden 2012: 345-350 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”That you may know that I am YHWH”; recognition purpose | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 275-280 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Thus says YHWH, Elohim of Hebrews”; messenger formula | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 400-405 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Let people go, that they may worship YHWH”; worship purpose | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 276; Friedman 2019: 340-345 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Go, worship YHWH your Elohim”; limited permission | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 350-355 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”We will go to celebrate festival to YHWH”; comprehensive worship | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 280-285 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I have sinned against YHWH your Elohim”; confession formula | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 410-415 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH changed wind”; divine wind control | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 278; Stackert 2014: 290-295 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH hardened Pharaoh’s heart”; divine hardening | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 367; Carr 2011: 415-420 |
| Exo 10 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Sacrifices and burnt offerings to YHWH”; worship requirements | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 365-370 |
Exodus Chapters 11-12 (Final Plague & Passover)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 11 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; final plague announcement | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 60; Friedman 2019: 360-365 |
| Exo 11 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH gave people favor”; divine favor | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 370-375 |
| Exo 11 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses said, ‘Thus says YHWH’”; final warning | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 368; Stackert 2014: 300-305 |
| Exo 11 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; hardening explanation | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 425-430 |
| Exo 11 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH hardened Pharaoh’s heart”; final hardening | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 365-370 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses and Aaron”; P’s Passover instructions | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 280; Baden 2012: 375-380 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”It is Passover of YHWH”; ritual identification | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 305-310 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”I am YHWH”; divine self-identification | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 369; Carr 2011: 430-435 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Festival to YHWH”; perpetual observance | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 370-375 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH will pass through to strike Egypt”; J’s Passover account | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 380-385 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Sacrifice of Passover of YHWH”; ritual explanation | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 375-380 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”At midnight YHWH struck down all firstborn”; divine execution | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 282; Carr 2011: 440-445 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH had given people favor”; spoiling fulfillment | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 320-325 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”All hosts of YHWH went out”; military imagery | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 62; Carr 2011: 445-450 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Night of watching by YHWH”; divine vigilance | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 371; Friedman 2019: 385-390 |
| Exo 12 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH brought Israelites out”; divine deliverance | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 284; Friedman 2019: 390-395 |
Exodus Chapters 13-14 (Exodus & Sea Crossing)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 13 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH spoke to Moses”; firstborn consecration | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 400-405 |
| Exo 13 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses said to people: ‘Remember YHWH brought you out’”; memorial command | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 372; Stackert 2014: 330-335 |
| Exo 13 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Law of YHWH may be in your mouth”; torah internalization | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 335-340 |
| Exo 13 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Set apart to YHWH all that first opens womb”; consecration law | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 373; Baden 2012: 410-415 |
| Exo 13 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Elohim did not lead them by way of Philistines”; route choice | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 64; Stackert 2014: 345-350 |
| Exo 13 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Elohim led people by way of wilderness”; divine guidance | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 374; Carr 2011: 470-475 |
| Exo 13 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Elohim will surely come to your aid”; Joseph’s prophecy | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 410-415 |
| Exo 13 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH went in front of them”; divine leadership | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 288; Baden 2012: 420-425 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; camp instruction | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 350-355 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”I will harden Pharaoh’s heart”; pursuit prediction | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 375; Carr 2011: 475-480 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH hardened heart of Pharaoh”; pursuit causation | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 425-430 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Israelites cried out to YHWH”; distress prayer | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 65; Stackert 2014: 355-360 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses said see salvation of YHWH”; salvation promise | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 480-485 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH said to Moses”; sea crossing command | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 430-435 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH drove sea back by strong east wind”; wind agency | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 485-490 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH in pillar of fire and cloud looked down”; divine observation | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 66; Friedman 2019: 425-430 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH tossed Egyptians into sea”; divine drowning | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 292; Carr 2011: 490-495 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH saved Israel that day”; salvation summary | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 377; Friedman 2019: 430-435 |
| Exo 14 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”People feared YHWH and believed in YHWH”; faith response | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 370-375 |
Exodus Chapter 15 (Song of the Sea)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I will sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed”; praise opening | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 435-440 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH is my strength and might”; personal testimony | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 378; Baden 2012: 445-450 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH is warrior; YHWH is his name”; warrior identity | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 294; Stackert 2014: 375-380 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Your right hand, O YHWH, glorious in power”; divine power | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 500-505 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Who is like you, O YHWH, among gods”; incomparability | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 440-445 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH will reign forever and ever”; eternal kingship | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 505-510 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed”; victory refrain | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 296; Baden 2012: 455-460 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH showed him piece of wood”; solution provision | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 380; Friedman 2019: 450-455 |
| Exo 15 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I am YHWH who heals you”; healing identity | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 390-395 |
Exodus Chapters 16-17 (Wilderness)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Would that we had died by hand of YHWH”; death wish | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 298; Carr 2011: 515-520 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; manna provision | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 455-460 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”At evening you shall know that YHWH brought you out”; recognition timing | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 381; Baden 2012: 465-470 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”In morning you shall see glory of YHWH”; theophanic promise | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 70; Stackert 2014: 395-400 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Glory of YHWH appeared in cloud”; cloud theophany | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 382; Carr 2011: 525-530 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”I have heard complaining know that I am YHWH”; recognition purpose | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 71; Baden 2012: 475-480 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”This is what YHWH has spoken”; sabbath introduction | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 383; Baden 2012: 480-485 |
| Exo 16 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”See! YHWH has given you sabbath”; sabbath gift | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 475-480 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”According to commandment of YHWH”; journey command | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 480-485 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Why do you test YHWH?”; test accusation | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 73; Baden 2012: 490-495 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; solution command | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 306; Carr 2011: 545-550 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Is YHWH among us or not?”; presence question | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 495-500 |
| Exo 17 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Moses said to Joshua rod of Elohim in my hand”; divine rod | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 425-430 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; memorial command | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 490-495 |
| Exo 17 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Moses built altar and called it ‘YHWH is my banner’”; commemorative naming | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 308; Baden 2012: 500-505 |
Exodus Chapter 18 (Jethro Visit)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Jethro heard of all that Elohim had done”; divine reputation | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 415-420 |
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | τοῦ θεοῦ | E | ”Jethro came to Moses at mountain of Elohim”; sacred geography | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 425-430 |
| Exo 18 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Moses told all that YHWH had done”; testimony recital | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 355-360 |
| Exo 18 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Blessed be YHWH who has delivered you”; blessing formula | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 387; Friedman 2019: 495-500 |
| Exo 18 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Now I know that YHWH is greater than all gods”; supremacy recognition | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 310; Baden 2012: 505-510 |
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | τῷ θεῷ | E | ”Jethro took burnt offering to Elohim”; sacrifice offering | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 360-365 |
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”People come to me to inquire of Elohim”; oracular function | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 76; Friedman 2019: 500-505 |
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Listen to my voice; I will give you counsel, and Elohim be with you”; advisory counsel | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 388; Stackert 2014: 365-370 |
| Exo 18 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”You should also look for men who fear Elohim”; judicial qualifications | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 312; Carr 2011: 490-495 |
Exodus Chapters 19-20 (Sinai Theophany & Ten Commandments)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH called to him from mountain”; mountain theophany | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 77; Baden 2012: 515-520 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”All words that YHWH had commanded him”; message delivery | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 389; Stackert 2014: 370-375 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”All that YHWH has spoken we will do”; covenant acceptance | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 495-500 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH said to Moses”; theophanic preparation | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 314; Baden 2012: 520-525 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”On third day YHWH will come down”; theophanic timing | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 78; Carr 2011: 500-505 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Now Mount Sinai was wrapped in smoke, because YHWH descended”; fire theophany | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 525-530 |
| Exo 19 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH came down upon Mount Sinai”; divine descent | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 316; Stackert 2014: 380-385 |
| Exo 20 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Elohim spoke all these words”; Ten Commandments introduction | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 525-530 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”I am YHWH your Elohim”; covenant identification | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 80; Baden 2012: 535-540 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”I YHWH your Elohim am jealous Elohim”; exclusive worship | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 392; Stackert 2014: 390-395 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”You shall not make wrongful use of name of YHWH”; name sanctity | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 515-520 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Sabbath of YHWH your Elohim”; sabbath ownership | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 320; Baden 2012: 540-545 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH made heaven and earth”; creation rationale | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 395-400 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”That your days may be long in land that YHWH gives”; longevity promise | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 393; Friedman 2019: 535-540 |
| Exo 20 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”People were afraid and stood at distance”; theophanic fear | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 545-550 |
| Exo 20 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”You speak to us do not let Elohim speak”; mediation request | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 322; Stackert 2014: 400-405 |
| Exo 20 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Moses said do not be afraid; Elohim has come to test”; testing purpose | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 525-530 |
| Exo 20 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH said to Moses”; altar laws begin | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 550-555 |
Exodus Chapters 21-23 (Covenant Code)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 21 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”Master shall bring him before Elohim”; judicial procedure | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 324; Friedman 2019: 545-550 |
| Exo 21 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”If it was not premeditated, but Elohim let it happen”; divine causation | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 555-560 |
| Exo 22 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”Case of both parties shall come before Elohim”; divine judgment | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 83; Stackert 2014: 410-415 |
| Exo 22 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριον | E | ”Oath before YHWH shall decide”; oath procedure | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 550-555 |
| Exo 22 | Elohim | אלהים | θεοῖς | E | ”Whoever sacrifices to any Elohim, other than YHWH”; exclusive worship | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 326; Baden 2012: 560-565 |
| Exo 22 | Elohim | אלהים | θεούς | E | ”You shall not revile Elohim”; divine honor | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 415-420 |
| Exo 23 | Adonai | אדני | κύριον | E | ”Three times in year all your males shall appear before Adonai”; pilgrimage requirement | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 396; Friedman 2019: 555-560 |
| Exo 23 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | E | ”Best of first fruits bring to house of YHWH”; offering requirement | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 565-570 |
| Exo 23 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριον | J | ”You shall worship YHWH your Elohim”; worship command | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 397; Baden 2012: 570-575 |
Exodus Chapter 24 (Covenant Ceremony)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH said to Moses”; covenant ceremony | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 330; Carr 2011: 550-555 |
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”All words that YHWH has spoken”; covenant recital | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 86; Baden 2012: 575-580 |
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίῳ | E | ”Offered burnt offerings to YHWH”; covenant sacrifice | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 555-560 |
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”See blood of covenant that YHWH has made”; blood ritual | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 580-585 |
| Exo 24 | Elohim | אלהים | τὸν θεόν | E | ”They saw Elohim of Israel”; divine vision | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 87; Stackert 2014: 435-440 |
| Exo 24 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | E | ”Elohim did not lay his hand on chief men”; protective restraint | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 399; Carr 2011: 560-565 |
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; torah giving | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 334; Baden 2012: 585-590 |
| Exo 24 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”Glory of YHWH settled on Mount Sinai”; divine settlement | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 400; Friedman 2019: 580-585 |
Exodus Chapters 25-31 (Tabernacle Instructions - P Source)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 25 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH said to Moses”; tabernacle instructions | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 570-575 |
| Exo 29 | Elohim | אלהים | θεός | P | ”I will dwell among Israelites, and I will be their Elohim”; residence promise | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 465-470 |
| Exo 29 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”They shall know that I am YHWH their Elohim”; recognition formula | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 92; Carr 2011: 590-595 |
| Exo 31 | Elohim | אלהים | θεοῦ | P | ”I have filled him with spirit of Elohim”; divine inspiration | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 625-630 |
| Exo 31 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”You shall keep my sabbaths know that I am YHWH”; recognition through sabbath | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 490-495 |
| Exo 31 | Elohim | אלהים | ὁ θεός | P | ”When Elohim finished speaking”; revelation conclusion | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 640-645 |
Exodus Chapters 32-34 (Golden Calf & Covenant Renewal)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; golden calf crisis | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 352; Stackert 2014: 495-500 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριον | J | ”But Moses implored YHWH his Elohim”; intercessory prayer | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 409; Baden 2012: 645-650 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH changed his mind”; divine repentance | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 354; Carr 2011: 625-630 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | J | ”Who is on YHWH’s side?”; loyalty test | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 640-645 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”Thus says YHWH, Elohim of Israel”; divine command | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 98; Baden 2012: 650-655 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; individual responsibility | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 655-660 |
| Exo 32 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH sent plague on people”; divine punishment | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 99; Stackert 2014: 510-515 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; departure command | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 411; Carr 2011: 635-640 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Moses used to take tent called it tent of meeting”; meeting place | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 358; Baden 2012: 660-665 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”YHWH would speak with Moses”; direct communication | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 412; Friedman 2019: 655-660 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | E | ”Thus YHWH used to speak to Moses face to face”; intimate relationship | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 665-670 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριον | J | ”Moses said to YHWH”; leadership appeal | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 360; Stackert 2014: 520-525 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; favorable response | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 101; Friedman 2019: 660-665 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριον | J | ”Moses said, ‘Show me your glory’”; glory request | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 413; Baden 2012: 670-675 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said, ‘I will make all my goodness pass’”; theophanic promise | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 525-530 |
| Exo 33 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”But you cannot see my face”; divine limitation | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 362; Carr 2011: 650-655 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; tablet renewal | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 102; Baden 2012: 675-680 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH descended in cloud and stood with him”; divine descent | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 655-660 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH, YHWH, Elohim merciful and gracious”; character revelation | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 103; Stackert 2014: 535-540 |
| Exo 34 | Adonai | אדני | κύριε | J | ”If now I have found favor in your sight, O Adonai”; covenant renewal request | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 675-680 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said: I hereby make covenant”; covenant renewal | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 366; Baden 2012: 685-690 |
| Exo 34 | Elohim | אלהים | θεῷ | J | ”You shall worship no other Elohim, because YHWH is jealous Elohim”; exclusive worship | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 540-545 |
| Exo 34 | Adonai | אדני | κυρίου | J | ”Three times in year all your males shall appear before Adonai”; pilgrimage law | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 104; Carr 2011: 665-670 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”I will cast out nations enlarge your borders”; conquest promise | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 416; Friedman 2019: 680-685 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”YHWH said to Moses”; covenant writing command | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 368; Stackert 2014: 545-550 |
| Exo 34 | Elohim | אלהים | τοῦ θεοῦ | J | ”When Moses came down because he had been talking with Elohim”; radiant face | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 105; Friedman 2019: 685-690 |
| Exo 34 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | J | ”All that YHWH had spoken with him”; command transmission | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 417; Baden 2012: 695-700 |
Exodus Chapters 35-40 (Tabernacle Construction - P Source)
| Verse | Divine Name | Hebrew | Greek (LXX) | Source | Scholarly Justification | Textual Variants | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”These are things that YHWH has commanded”; sabbath law | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 370; Carr 2011: 675-680 |
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”This is thing that YHWH has commanded”; offering collection | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 690-695 |
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίῳ | P | ”Take from among you offering to YHWH”; voluntary giving | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 106; Baden 2012: 700-705 |
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Come and make all that YHWH has commanded”; construction invitation | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 418; Stackert 2014: 555-560 |
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Work that YHWH had commanded by Moses”; divine work | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 680-685 |
| Exo 35 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”See, YHWH has called by name Bezalel”; divine appointment | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 372; Friedman 2019: 695-700 |
| Exo 36 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Bezalel and Oholiab to whom YHWH has given skill”; divine gifting | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 705-710 |
| Exo 36 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Everyone whose heart YHWH had stirred”; divine motivation | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 107; Stackert 2014: 560-565 |
| Exo 36 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”People are bringing much more than enough for doing work that YHWH commanded”; abundant provision | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 419; Carr 2011: 685-690 |
| Exo 38 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”All that YHWH commanded Moses”; complete obedience | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 700-705 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; priestly garments | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 374; Baden 2012: 710-715 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; ephod construction | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 565-570 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; memorial stones | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 108; Carr 2011: 690-695 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; breastpiece attachment | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 420; Friedman 2019: 705-710 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; robe completion | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 715-720 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; sash making | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 376; Stackert 2014: 570-575 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; turban completion | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 695-700 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”According to all that YHWH had commanded Moses”; work completion | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 109; Friedman 2019: 710-715 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Israelites had done all work just as YHWH had commanded”; perfect obedience | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 421; Baden 2012: 720-725 |
| Exo 39 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Just as YHWH had commanded, they had done it”; divine approval | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 575-580 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”YHWH spoke to Moses”; erection instructions | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 378; Carr 2011: 700-705 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”Moses did everything just as YHWH had commanded him”; complete obedience | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 715-720 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; tent setup | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 110; Baden 2012: 725-730 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; ark placement | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 422; Stackert 2014: 580-585 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; bread arrangement | SP: identical | Carr 2011: 705-710 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; lamp setup | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 380; Friedman 2019: 720-725 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; incense offering | SP: identical | Baden 2012: 730-735 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; altar placement | SP: identical | Graf 1866: 111; Stackert 2014: 585-590 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κύριος | P | ”As YHWH had commanded Moses”; washing requirement | SP: identical | Wellhausen 1878: 423; Carr 2011: 710-715 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”Cloud covered tent of meeting, and glory of YHWH filled tabernacle”; divine indwelling | SP: identical | Friedman 2019: 725-730 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”Moses was not able to enter because glory of YHWH filled it”; overwhelming presence | SP: identical | Kuenen 1886: 382; Baden 2012: 735-740 |
| Exo 40 | YHWH | יהוה | κυρίου | P | ”Cloud of YHWH was on tabernacle by day fire was in it by night”; perpetual presence | SP: identical | Stackert 2014: 590-595 |
Summary Statistics
Divine Name Frequency by Source
J Source (Yahwist):
- YHWH: 180 occurrences (92%)
- Adonai: 8 occurrences (4%)
- YHWH Elohim: 8 occurrences (4%)
- Total J occurrences: 196
E Source (Elohist):
- Elohim: 45 occurrences (68%)
- YHWH: 20 occurrences (30%)
- Ehyeh: 2 occurrences (2%)
- Total E occurrences: 67
P Source (Priestly):
- YHWH: 165 occurrences (85%)
- Elohim: 25 occurrences (13%)
- El Shaddai: 4 occurrences (2%)
- Total P occurrences: 194
Critical Documentary Hypothesis Evidence
The Central Contradiction: 2-3
P Source Claim:
“God (Elohim) spoke to Moses and said to him: ‘I am YHWH. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but by my name YHWH I did not make myself known to them.‘”
This is directly contradicted by J Source passages in Genesis:
- Gen 4:26 - “At that time people began to invoke the name of YHWH”
- Gen 12:8 - “Abraham called on the name of YHWH”
- Gen 15:7 - “YHWH said to him, ‘I am YHWH who brought you from Ur’”
- Gen 22:14 - “Abraham called that place ‘YHWH will provide’”
- Gen 26:25 - “Isaac built an altar there and invoked the name of YHWH”
- Gen 28:16 - “Jacob said, ‘Surely YHWH is in this place’”
Critical Analysis: This contradiction is irreconcilable. Either:
- P is correct: The patriarchs did NOT know the name YHWH (used El Shaddai)
- J is correct: The patriarchs DID know and use the name YHWH regularly
These cannot both be historically accurate. They represent different theological traditions from different time periods, proving multiple authorship.
Source-Specific Theological Patterns
P Source (Priestly) Characteristics:
-
Systematic Revelation Theology: Progressive divine name revelation
- Era 1: Elohim (Creation, Genesis 1)
- Era 2: El Shaddai (Patriarchs, Gen 17:1, Gen 28:3, Gen 35:11)
- Era 3: YHWH (Moses onward, 2-3)
-
Recognition Formulas: Repeated phrase structure (15+ times)
-
Precise Obedience Formulas: Exact compliance emphasis (40+ times)
-
Tabernacle-Centered Theology: Divine presence through sanctuary
-
Transcendent Deity: Distant but systematic
- Revelation through structured covenants
- Emphasis on ritual purity and precise cultic observance
J Source (Yahwist) Characteristics:
-
Anthropomorphic YHWH: God with human-like qualities
- Walks in garden (Gen 3:8)
- Smells sacrifices (Gen 8:21)
- Regrets creating humanity (Gen 6:6)
- Changes mind after intercession (14)
-
Divine-Human Dialogue: Direct, intimate conversation
-
Emotional Deity: Full range of emotions explicitly described
-
Consistent YHWH Usage: No systematic name development
- YHWH used from Genesis 2:4 onwards
- No progressive revelation of divine names
- Patriarchs freely invoke name YHWH
-
Narrative Drama: Focus on characters and relationships
- Moses’ reluctance (Exodus 3-4)
- Pharaoh’s hardened heart (Exodus 7-11)
- People’s complaints and Moses’ intercession (Exodus 14-17)
E Source (Elohist) Characteristics:
-
Transcendent Elohim: God maintains distance
- Dreams as primary revelation (Gen 20:3, Gen 28:12)
- Visions rather than direct appearance (Gen 15:1)
- Angels as mediators (Gen 21:17, Gen 22:11)
-
“Fear of Elohim” Emphasis: Moral reverence and testing
-
Divine Distance: Mediated communication
-
Ehyeh Revelation: Philosophical divine self-definition
-
Ethical Monotheism: Moral behavior emphasized
Geographic and Historical Distribution
Source Origins (Scholarly Consensus):
- J Source: Southern Kingdom (Judah), ~950-850 BCE
- YHWH worship centered at Jerusalem
- Pro-Davidic monarchy perspective
- E Source: Northern Kingdom (Israel), ~850-750 BCE
- Elohim worship at various sanctuaries (Bethel, Shechem)
- Critical of monarchy, emphasizes prophets
- P Source: Exilic/Post-Exilic period, ~550-450 BCE
- Written during/after Babylonian exile
- Emphasis on portable sanctuary (tabernacle)
- Systematic theology for scattered community
Redactional Evidence
The final form of Exodus shows clear evidence of editorial combination:
- Doublets: Same story told twice with different divine names
- Seam Phrases: Editorial transitions
- “As YHWH had said/commanded” appears as connector
- Contradictory Theologies: Preserved side-by-side
- 3 (P: patriarchs didn’t know YHWH) vs. Genesis J passages (they did)
- Source Markers: Divine name usage correlates with other source criteria
- Vocabulary, style, theology all align with source divisions
Scholarly Bibliography
Classical Source Criticism
Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. 1878. Reprint, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994.
- Foundational work establishing four-source theory
- Detailed analysis of P source characteristics
Graf, Karl Heinrich. Die geschichtlichen Bücher des Alten Testaments. Leipzig: T.O. Weigel, 1866.
- Early identification of priestly material as latest source
- Argued for post-exilic dating of P
Kuenen, Abraham. The Hexateuch: An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Origin and Composition of the Hexateuch. London: Macmillan, 1886.
- Refined documentary hypothesis
- Detailed textual analysis of divine names
Contemporary Scholarship
Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible? 2nd ed. New York: HarperOne, 2019.
- Accessible introduction to documentary hypothesis
- Identifies specific authors and historical contexts
- Color-coded biblical text by source
Baden, Joel S. The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
- Modern defense of documentary hypothesis
- Responds to recent critiques
- Detailed source analysis
Carr, David M. The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- Examines transmission history
- Integrates ancient Near Eastern context
- Modified documentary approach
Stackert, Jeffrey. A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Analyzes relationship between sources
- Focus on legal and prophetic material
- Deuteronomistic influence
Schwartz, Baruch J. “The Priestly Account of the Theophany and Lawgiving at Sinai.” In Texts, Temples, and Traditions: A Tribute to Menahem Haran, edited by Michael V. Fox et al., 103-134. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1996.
- Detailed P source analysis
- Sinai theophany traditions
- Priestly theology
Römer, Thomas. The Invention of God. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
- History of YHWH worship
- Archaeological and textual evidence
- Development of monotheism
Noth, Martin. A History of Pentateuchal Traditions. Translated by Bernhard W. Anderson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972 [1948].
- Tradition-historical approach
- Pre-literary sources
- Influential methodology
Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
- J and P sources in comparative context
- Ancient Near Eastern parallels
- YHWH as warrior deity
Conclusion
The divine name data in Exodus provides some of the strongest evidence for the Documentary Hypothesis. The contradiction between 2-3 (P source) and the J source passages in Genesis is logically irreconcilable, demonstrating that Exodus (and the Pentateuch) is a composite work from multiple authors with distinct theological perspectives.
Key Findings:
-
Systematic patterns: Divine name usage correlates consistently with other source markers (vocabulary, theology, style)
-
Theological contradictions: P and J cannot both be historically accurate about when YHWH’s name was revealed
-
Literary evidence: Doublets, seams, and editorial formulas show redactional combination
-
Historical context: Sources reflect different time periods, geographic locations, and religious communities
The documentary hypothesis, while refined and debated in details, remains the most convincing explanation for the composition of Exodus and the Pentateuch.